Inconel 625
Nickel-Chromium Superalloy

Inconel 625

Extreme Corrosion Resistance • High Temperature Strength • Outstanding Fabricability

Inconel 625 is a nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy renowned for exceptional resistance to extreme environments. Combining outstanding corrosion resistance with high strength from cryogenic temperatures to 982°C (1800°F), it excels in the most demanding aerospace, chemical processing, marine, and oil & gas applications where conventional materials fail.

High Temperature Corrosion Resistant Aerospace Grade Chemical Processing

Quick Specifications

UNS Number: N06625
ASTM: B443, B446
EN: 2.4856
Density: 8.44 g/cm³
Melting Point: 1290-1350°C
Magnetic: No
827
Tensile Strength (MPa)
414
Yield Strength (MPa)
30%
Elongation
982°C
Max Service Temp
D
Machinability

Properties & Characteristics

Material Overview

Inconel 625 is a solid-solution strengthened nickel-chromium alloy with additions of molybdenum and niobium. Its austenitic structure provides exceptional resistance to oxidation, corrosion, and pitting across an extraordinarily wide temperature range. The alloy maintains its strength and ductility from cryogenic temperatures through 982°C (1800°F), making it ideal for extreme service conditions.

Key Benefits

Outstanding Corrosion Resistance: Resists chloride-ion stress corrosion cracking, pitting, and crevice corrosion
High Temperature Strength: Maintains mechanical properties up to 982°C (1800°F)
Excellent Fabricability: Can be welded, formed, and machined with proper techniques
Oxidation Resistance: Superior resistance to oxidizing and reducing environments
Cryogenic Performance: Maintains toughness at extremely low temperatures
Fatigue Strength: Excellent resistance to thermal and mechanical fatigue

Performance Characteristics

The combination of nickel, chromium, and molybdenum gives Inconel 625 exceptional versatility. It resists a wide range of corrosive media including seawater, acidic solutions, and alkaline environments. The material's resistance to high-temperature oxidation and carbonization makes it indispensable in gas turbine, nuclear, and chemical processing applications.

Limitations

Difficult to Machine: Work hardens rapidly; requires special tooling, lower speeds, and rigid setups
High Material Cost: Premium pricing due to high nickel content and complex processing
Slower Production Rates: Machining and forming operations require more time than conventional alloys

Chemical Composition

Element Weight % Purpose
Nickel (Ni) ≥ 58.0 (min) Base metal, provides corrosion and oxidation resistance
Chromium (Cr) 20.0 - 23.0 Oxidation and corrosion resistance
Molybdenum (Mo) 8.0 - 10.0 Pitting and crevice corrosion resistance
Niobium + Tantalum (Nb + Ta) 3.15 - 4.15 Strengthening and stabilization against sensitization
Iron (Fe) ≤ 5.0 Solid solution strengthening
Manganese (Mn) ≤ 0.50 Deoxidizer and sulfur control
Silicon (Si) ≤ 0.50 Deoxidizer
Aluminum (Al) ≤ 0.40 Deoxidizer
Titanium (Ti) ≤ 0.40 Grain size control
Carbon (C) ≤ 0.10 Strength (kept low to prevent carbide precipitation)

Chemistry Note: The niobium addition is critical—it stabilizes the alloy against sensitization during welding and provides solid solution strengthening without reducing ductility.

Mechanical Properties (Annealed)

Property Metric Imperial
Tensile Strength (Ultimate) 827 MPa 120,000 psi
Yield Strength (0.2% offset) 414 MPa 60,000 psi
Elongation at Break 30% (in 50mm)
Modulus of Elasticity 208 GPa 30.0 × 10⁶ psi
Rockwell Hardness ≤ 40 HRC (typical)
Brinell Hardness ≤ 230 HB
Shear Strength 510 MPa 74,000 psi
Shear Modulus 79.3 GPa 11.5 × 10⁶ psi
Poisson's Ratio 0.31

Note: Properties shown are for annealed condition. Cold working can significantly increase strength. Material maintains excellent strength retention at elevated temperatures.

Physical Properties

Density
8.44 g/cm³
0.305 lb/in³
Melting Point
1290-1350°C
2350-2460°F
Maximum Service Temperature
982°C
1800°F (continuous)
Thermal Conductivity
9.8 W/m-K
@ 21°C
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
12.8 µm/m-K
20-100°C
Electrical Resistivity
1294 nΩ-m
@ 20°C
Specific Heat Capacity
410 J/kg-K
@ 21°C
Curie Temperature
Non-Magnetic
Austenitic structure

Industry Applications

Aerospace & Aviation

Gas turbine engine components, ducting systems, thrust reversers, exhaust systems, afterburner parts, spray bars, fuel nozzles, turbine seals, and aircraft structural components requiring high-temperature strength and corrosion resistance.

Chemical Processing

Reaction vessels, heat exchangers, condensers, evaporators, transfer piping, valves, pumps, pressure vessels for aggressive chemicals, chloride service, acid gas processing equipment, and sour gas applications.

Oil & Gas / Petrochemical

Downhole tubulars, wellhead components, subsea systems, blowout preventer (BOP) components, umbilicals, flowlines, risers, offshore platform equipment, sour gas service, and high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) applications.

Marine Engineering

Seawater cooling systems, propulsion motor shafts, offshore drilling platform components, subsea equipment, marine engine parts, desalination plants, and saltwater service applications.

Nuclear & Power Generation

Nuclear reactor core components, steam generator tubing, control rod components, fuel processing equipment, reactor vessel internals, and high-radiation environment applications.

Pollution Control & Environmental

Flue gas desulfurization systems, waste treatment equipment, scrubber systems, incinerators, stack gas reheaters, and pollution control devices handling corrosive exhaust gases.

CNC Machining Guidelines

D
Machinability Rating
Difficult - Requires special techniques, tooling, and expertise

Critical Machining Challenges

  • Severe Work Hardening: Material hardens rapidly under cutting action
  • High Cutting Forces: Requires robust, rigid machine setups
  • Tool Wear: Aggressive on cutting tools; frequent tool changes needed
  • Heat Generation: Poor thermal conductivity concentrates heat at cutting edge
  • Chip Control: Produces tough, continuous chips that resist breaking

Best Practices

  • • Use carbide or ceramic cutting tools
  • • Maintain positive rake angles (10-15°)
  • • Use heavy, flood coolant application
  • • Keep tools sharp - change before dulling
  • • Use rigid machine setup and workholding
  • • Never stop feed while tool is in contact
  • • Plan efficient tool paths to minimize passes

Tooling Recommendations

  • • Coated carbide (TiAlN, AlTiN preferred)
  • • Ceramic inserts for finishing operations
  • • CBN tools for hardened conditions
  • • Wiper inserts for improved surface finish
  • • Strong edge geometry, no sharp corners
  • • Chip breaker geometry essential
Operation Recommended Parameters
Turning Speed: 40-90 SFM (12-27 m/min) carbide, Feed: 0.004-0.012 ipr, DOC: 0.050-0.150"
Milling (Roughing) Speed: 50-100 SFM (15-30 m/min), Heavy feeds, depth 0.100-0.200"
Milling (Finishing) Speed: 80-140 SFM (24-43 m/min), Light feeds, depth 0.010-0.030"
Drilling Speed: 15-40 SFM (4.5-12 m/min), Feed: 0.002-0.008 ipr, peck drilling mandatory
Threading Very slow speeds, carbide inserts, thread milling preferred over single-point
Coolant High-pressure flood coolant MANDATORY, sulfurized or chlorinated cutting oils

Critical Success Factor: Inconel 625 machining requires experienced operators and specialized equipment. The material work hardens ahead of the cutting tool, so constant chip load and feed must be maintained. Never let the tool dwell or rub on the work surface.

Welding & Fabrication

Inconel 625 has excellent weldability and can be joined using most conventional welding processes. The alloy's resistance to post-weld cracking and its ability to maintain corrosion resistance in the weld zone make it ideal for critical welded structures.

Suitable Welding Processes

  • • GTAW (TIG) - Preferred for critical applications
  • • GMAW (MIG) - Good for production welding
  • • SMAW (Stick) - Field applications
  • • SAW (Submerged Arc) - Thick sections
  • • Plasma Arc - Precision work
  • • Electron Beam - Aerospace applications

Filler Metal Selection

  • • ERNiCrMo-3 (AWS A5.14) preferred
  • • ENiCrMo-3 for SMAW applications
  • • Match base metal composition
  • • Low-carbon filler for carbide control
  • • Store filler metals in dry environment

Welding Guidelines

  • • Clean joint surfaces thoroughly - no oil, grease, or contaminants
  • • Use argon or argon-helium shielding gas for GTAW/GMAW
  • • Maintain interpass temperature below 150°C (300°F)
  • • Use backing gas for full penetration welds
  • • No preheat required for most applications
  • • Post-weld heat treatment typically not required
  • • Solution anneal (1093-1204°C) if needed to restore corrosion resistance

Corrosion Resistance

Inconel 625 exhibits outstanding resistance to a wide variety of corrosive environments, making it one of the most versatile corrosion-resistant alloys available.

Excellent Resistance To:

  • • Seawater and marine atmospheres
  • • Pitting and crevice corrosion
  • • Chloride-ion stress corrosion cracking
  • • Oxidizing and reducing environments
  • • Sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid
  • • Hydrochloric acid (moderate concentrations)
  • • Organic acids and alkalies
  • • High-temperature oxidation and scaling

Specific Applications:

  • • Sour gas service (H₂S environments)
  • • Chemical processing with mixed acids
  • • Seawater cooling systems
  • • Flue gas desulfurization
  • • Pulp and paper digesters
  • • Radioactive waste handling
  • • Brackish water and brine
  • • Wet chlorine gas service

Note: While Inconel 625 has excellent general corrosion resistance, it can be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in highly oxidizing chloride environments at elevated temperatures. Consult corrosion specialists for extreme service conditions.

Overview

Material Type
Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Superalloy
Primary Alloying
Ni-Cr-Mo-Nb
Condition
Annealed (Solution Treated)
Weldability
Excellent
Corrosion Resistance
Outstanding
Typical Forms
Plate, Sheet, Bar, Pipe, Tubing, Wire

Standards & Designations

UNS
N06625
Werkstoff Nr.
2.4856
ASTM
B443, B446, B564
ASME
SB-443, SB-446
AMS
5599, 5666
AWS
A5.14 (ERNiCrMo-3)

Temperature Performance

Cryogenic Service
Down to -196°C (-321°F)
Maintains toughness
Continuous Service
Up to 982°C (1800°F)
With strength retention
Oxidation Resistance
Up to 1093°C (2000°F)
Limited duration

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